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Identify Nosema
Although Nosema apis is widespread, in the sense that it occurs in many part of the world, it isn't very common in most places.
It is a unicellular parasite, that is now considered to be fungi. Its spores are extremely resistant to temperature extremes and dehydration. Passed on by feeding, the individuals are infected when they ingest the spores. Infected workers do not seem to participate in feeding the queen, so she is often unaffected.
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Usually more apparent in the spring, particularly after spells of bad weather. Although may actually be a winter disease, not noticed until hives are opened in the spring.
Newly emerged workers are free from infection, only succumb after swallowing the spores. Symptoms are non-specific, often confused with other bee diseases. The most important symptom is dysentery, diarrhea can be seen in streaks on the outside of the hive, in sever cases even inside. The workers are most severely effected, frequently crawling, rather than flying, due to dislocated wings. Large numbers of dead bees will be seen outside the hive.
With microscopic examination of fecal and ventricular material, the characteristic spores can be identified.
Treatment with the antibiotic Fumidil B inhibits the spores reproducing in the ventriculus, but does not kill the spores. Combs and equipment can be cleaned since the spores are sensitive to acetic acid or formalin.
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